Tham khảo Đau_khổ

  1. See 'Terminology'. See also the entry 'Pleasure' in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which begins with this paragraph: "Pleasure, in the inclusive usages most important in moral psychology, ethical theory, and the studies of mind, includes all joy and gladness — all our feeling good, or happy. It is often contrasted with similarly inclusive pain or suffering, which is similarly thought of as including all our feeling bad." It should be mentioned that most encyclopedias, like the one mentioned above and Britannica, do not have an article about suffering and describe pain in the physical sense only.
  2. For instance, Wayne Hudson in Historicizing Suffering, Chapter 14 of Perspectives on Human Suffering (Jeff Malpas and Norelle Lickiss, editors, Springer, 2012): "According to the standard account suffering is a universal human experience described as a negative basic feeling or emotion that involves a subjective character of unpleasantness, aversion, harm or threat of harm to body or mind (Spelman 1997; Cassell 1991)."
  3. Examples of physical suffering: pain of various types, excessive heat, excessive cold, itching, hunger, thirst, nausea, air hunger, sleep deprivation. “IASP Pain Terminology”. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 26 tháng 9 năm 2008. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 9 năm 2008. “UAB - School of Medicine - Center for Palliative and Supportive Care - Home”. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 28 tháng 10 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 9 năm 2008.  Other examples are given by L. W. Sumner, on page 103 of Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics: "Think for a moment of the many physical symptoms which, when persistent, can make our lives miserable: nausea, hiccups, sneezing, dizziness, disorientation, loss of balance, itching, 'pins and needles', 'restless legs', tics, twitching, fatigue, difficulty in breathing, and so on."
  4. Mental suffering can also be called psychological or emotional (see Psychological pain). Examples of mental suffering: depression (mood) / hopelessness, grief, sadness / loneliness / heartbreak, disgust, irritation, anger, jealousy, envy, craving or yearning, frustration, anguish, angst, fear, anxiety / panic, shame / guilt, regret, embarrassment / humiliation, restlessness.
  5. Eggerman, Panter Brick, Mark, Catherine (2010). “Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan”. Social Science & Medicine 71 (1): 71–83. PMC 3125115. PMID 20452111. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023
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en:Category:Moral philosophers
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Tài liệu tham khảo

WikiPedia: Đau_khổ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pleasure/ http://www.palliative.uab.edu/response/ //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3125115 //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452111 //dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2010.03.023 http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section%3... https://books.google.com/books?id=tjua97jPvEYC&pg=... https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb05philosophieengl... https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035177-4 https://web.archive.org/web/20071028180547/http://...